Table 2 Characteristics of cross-sectional studies

[50]

Asymptomatic randomly selected

Sweden/SCAPIS

50–64

25,408

OR:0.96(0.88, 1.04)

No association

Good

[2]

Asymptomatic above 40 years

South Korea

55.9 ± 7.7

617

OR:1.202 (0.830, 1.741)

No association

Good

[51]

patients with chest pain

Turkey

57.5 ± 8.6

187

N/A

No association

Good

[28]

Centrally

Obese Non-Diabetic Men

Indonesia

55.20 ± 6.51

60men

Correlation Coefficient (r): 0.077

No association

Good

[52]

free of clinical ASCVD

USA/MESA

61 ± 10

5196

N/A

No association

Good

[29]

aged 40–79 randomly selected men

Japan/SESSA

69.5 ± 6.9

1035 men

OR:1.13(0.97, 1.32)

No association

Good

[53]

civil servants aged 35–74 years

Brazil/ELSA

58

3753

OR:1.28(0.96, 1.70)

No association

Good

[41]

candidates for computed tomography

Iran

60 ± 10.5

200

OR:11.8 (3.39,41.29)

Positive association

Weak

[54]

asymptomatic immigrant

USA/MASALA

55 ± 9

906

OR:1.17 (0.74, 1.85)

No association

Good

[55]

Stable without known CAD

Brazil

63.2 ± 9.6

130

OR: 1.25 (0.34, 4.63)

Not Associated

Good

[56]

chest pain ± positive treadmill test ± presence of multiple coronary risk factors

54.83 ± 11.63

379

OR:1.090(1.007, 1.180)

No association

Good

[57]

Tsimane villagers, age < 40

USA

40–60

705

N/A

No association

Good

[42]

people without known CAD

China

59.2 ± 14.92

348

N/A

Positive association

Good

[58]

individuals who underwent a non-contrast CT scan and echocardiography

South Korea/CAESAR

51.1 ± 9.3

2276

N/A

No association

Good

[33]

age 42 to 52 years, an intact uterus, menstruating within the prior three months

USA/SWAN

51.3 ± 2.8

372 women

OR:1.16 (0.88, 1.53)

No association

Good

[59]

Healthy Individuals

USA/MESA

70 ± 8

6745

N/A

No association

Good

[60]

underwent helical computed tomography

China

67 ± 11

125

N/A

No association

Good

[25]

men aged ≥ 45

women aged ≥ 55

South Korea

66 ± 6

456

OR:2.812 (1.600, 4.942)

Positive association

Intermediate

[61]

patients who underwent coronary CT

China

68.38 ± 10.05

157

N/A

No association

Good

[30]

selected randomly for enrollment men

Japan/ERA-JUMP

40–49

904 men

OR:0.96(0.80, 1.15)

No association

Good

[62]

randomly sampled from national registries

Denmark/DanRisk

50–60

1126

OR:1.00 (0.98, 1.03)

No association

Good

[46]

the absence of atherosclerotic coronary, cerebrovascular, or peripheral artery disease

Brazil

85 ± 4

208

OR:3.05 (1.25, 7.42)

Association in Special Population

Good

[63]

Presence of chest pain/ Abnormal Stress test/ Asymptomatic with multiple ASCVD

USA

57 ± 1.0

92

N/A

No association

Good

[45]

participated in a comprehensive health examination in 2010

South Korea

42.20 ± 6.89

12,030

N/A

Associated when grouped with HDL

Good

[43]

randomly a selected group of MESA participants

MESA/USA

66.96 ± 9.2

1827

N/A

Positive association

Good

[64]

employees and family members of various industrial companies

Korea

41.36 ± 7.0

24,063

OR:0.932 (0.743, 1.169)

No association

Good

[31]

Male subjects from Samsung Medical Center

South Korea

58% above 50 years

3408men

N/A

No association

Good

[32]

Male participants from Samsung Medical Center

South Korea

57% above 50 Years

3010 men

N/A

No association

Good

[65]

participants with clinical suspicion of CHD

Japan

68.0 ± 11.0

1363

N/A

No association

Good

[66]

low-intermediate risk for CAD

Turkey

53 ± 10

272

N/A

No association

Good

[67]

Asymptomatic individuals

South Korea

30–86

531

N/A

No association

Good

[68]

Healthy Individuals

Germany

61.3 ± 8.7

455

N/A

No association

Good

[49]

consecutive patients aged 80 years or over Asymptomatic

Brazil

85 ± 5

184

N/A

Association in Special Population

Good

[48]

Healthy Individuals

USA/MESA

64.7 ± 8.7

3046

OR:1.12 (0.96, 1.31)

No association

Good

[47]

type 2 diabetes and without clinical evidence of CVD

USA/PDHS-SIRCA

35–75

2159

N/A

Association in Special Population

Good

[69]

Healthy Individuals

USA/MESA

45–84

6783

RR: 1.05 (0.99,1.12)

No association

Good

[70]

asymptomatic, ethnically Middle Eastern Egyptians

Egypt

50.6 ± 5.9

177

OR:1.101(0.846, 1.431)

No association

Good

[71]

DHS Participants

Japan/USA

46.3±9.4

3373

OR:1.02 (1.0, 1.04)

No association

Good

[72]

patients with symptoms of typical or atypical chest pain

Taiwan

73±1

124

N/A

No association

Good

[73]

Hispanic white hypertensive subjects

USA

66±7

354

N/A

No association

Good

[74]

Asymptomatic subjects with a family history of premature CAD

USA/SIRCA

Men: 30–65

Women: 35–70

914

OR:

Men: 0.92(0.83, 1.04)

Women: 1.02(0.94, 1.08)

No association

Good

[44]

Healthy Individuals

USA/FHS

5–70

321

N/A

Positive association

Good