Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Participant

5427

654

Age, years

47.52 ± 17.06

65.91 ± 12.39

< 0.001

Sex

0.002

 Male

2656 (48.94%)

363 (55.50%)

 Female

2771 (51.06%)

291 (44.50%)

Race

< 0.001

 Mexican American

748 (13.78%)

59 (9.02%)

 Other Hispanic

628 (11.57%)

72 (11.01%)

 Non-Hispanic White

2118 (39.03%)

339 (51.83%)

 Non-Hispanic Black

1105 (20.36%)

141 (21.56%)

 Other Race

828 (15.26%)

43 (6.57%)

 SBP, mmHg

122.78 ± 17.50

130.87 ± 21.09

< 0.001

 DBP, mmHg

69.49 ± 12.07

65.43 ± 15.53

< 0.001

 BMI, kg/m²

28.91 ± 6.86

30.57 ± 7.25

< 0.001

 Waist, cm

98.63 ± 16.46

106.27 ± 16.14

< 0.001

Alcohol status

< 0.001

 No

1499 (27.62%)

226 (34.56%)

 Yes

3928 (72.38%)

428 (65.44%)

HTN

< 0.001

 No

3335 (61.45%)

149 (22.78%)

 Yes

2092 (38.55%)

505 (77.22%)

DM

< 0.001

 No

4520 (83.29%)

376 (57.49%)

 Yes

907 (16.71%)

278 (42.51%)

CKD

< 0.001

 No

5082 (93.64%)

458 (70.03%)

 Yes

345 (6.36%)

196 (29.97%)

HDL-c, mmol/L

1.41 ± 0.42

1.33 ± 0.42

< 0.001

TG, mmol/L

1.27 ± 0.74

1.41 ± 0.77

< 0.001

LDL-c, mmol/L

2.95 ± 0.90

2.57 ± 0.94

< 0.001

TC, mmol/L

4.95 ± 1.03

4.55 ± 1.09

< 0.001

COT, ng/mL

0.03 (0.01–4.14)

0.04 (0.01–80.68)

0.003

HbA1c, %

5.73 ± 1.08

6.30 ± 1.39

< 0.001

FPG, mmol/L

5.96 ± 1.83

6.87 ± 2.62

< 0.001

A, g/L

42.78 ± 3.28

41.51 ± 3.32

< 0.001

ALT, U/L

21.00 (16.00–28.00)

20.00 (16.00–26.00)

0.111

AST, U/L

22.00 (19.00–27.00)

23.00 (19.00–28.00)

0.101

BUN, mmol/L

4.69 ± 1.84

6.25 ± 3.02

< 0.001

CR, mmol/L

72.49 (61.00-85.75)

87.52 (70.72–105.20)

< 0.001

TB, umol/L

11.38 ± 4.99

11.46 ± 5.76

0.702

UA, umol/L

322.18 ± 82.47

357.13 ± 92.93

< 0.001

WBC, *10⁹/L

6.76 ± 2.16

7.48 ± 4.97

< 0.001

Lym, *10⁹/L

1.90 (1.60–2.40)

1.80 (1.40–2.40)

0.357

Neut, *10⁹/L

3.92 ± 1.60

4.46 ± 1.70

< 0.001

Hb, g/dL

14.11 ± 1.50

13.81 ± 1.64

< 0.001

PLT, *10⁹/L

235.81 ± 60.30

218.94 ± 64.77

< 0.001

MPV, fL

8.42 ± 0.93

8.53 ± 0.94

0.004

Anti-platelet

< 0.001

 No

5374 (99.02%)

523 (79.97%)

 Yes

53 (0.98%)

131 (20.03%)

β-blockers

0.003

 No

5379 (99.12%)

640 (97.86%)

 Yes

48 (0.88%)

14 (2.14%)

ACEI/ARB

0.888

 No

5004 (92.21%)

602 (92.05%)

 Yes

423 (7.79%)

52 (7.95%)

Statin

< 0.001

 No

4635 (85.41%)

383 (58.56%)

 Yes

792 (14.59%)

271 (41.44%)

Diuretic

0.002

 No

5086 (93.72%)

592 (90.52%)

 Yes

341 (6.28%)

62 (9.48%)

Anticoagulant

< 0.001

 No

5403 (99.56%)

628 (96.02%)

 Yes

24 (0.44%)

26 (3.98%)