Table 1 Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants

Age(years)

54.80 ± 8.88

59.26 ± 11.80

60.90 ± 9.62*

< 0.001

Male,n(%)

13(36.11)

21(61.76)

55(68.75)*

< 0.001

BMI(kg/m²)

22.67(20.98,25.81)

24.44(22.35,25.77)

24.03(21.95,27.89)

0.512

Current smoking(%)

1(2.78)

9(26.47)

32(40.00)*

0.013

SBP(mm Hg)

128.24 ± 20.26

146.44 ± 22.72

141.14 ± 25.76

0.045

DBP(mm Hg)

80.00(70.00,90.00)

83.00(77.75,88.25)

81.50(75.25,96.25)

0.675

Medical history

 Hypertension,n(%)

0(0.00)

24(70.58)

58(72.50)*

< 0.001

 DM,n(%)

0(0.00)

10(29.41)

23(28.75)

0.001

 CHD,n(%)

0(0.00)

9(26.47)

44(55.00)*#

< 0.001

 Chronic renal failure,n(%)

0(0.00)

1(2.94)

11(13.75)

0.017

 AF,n(%)

0(0.00)

0(0.00)

24(30.00)*#

< 0.001

 Old myocardial infarction,n(%)

0(0.00)

0(0.00)

14(17.50)*#

0.001

Cerebral stroke,n(%)

1(2.78)

7(20.59)

17(21.25)*

0.037

NYHA grade

 Class I

–

–

11(17.2)

 Class II

–

–

22(34.4)

 Class III

–

–

21(32.8)

 Class IV

–

–

8(12.5)

WBC(× 10⁹/L)

5.75(4.92,7.02)

6.90(5.90,7.90)

7.85(6.00,9.70)*

< 0.001

NEUT(×10⁹/L)

3.47(2.70,4.10)

4.36(3.35,5.20)

5.14(3.47,7.21)*

< 0.001

RBC(× 10¹²/L)

4.69 ± 0.52

4.60 ± 0.56

4.40 ± 0.66*

0.048

Hemoglobin,(g/L)

133.50(127.50,138.50)

138.00(129,144)

130.50(120.75,142.5)

0.147

PLT(×10⁹/L)

230.50(199.25,270.50)

223.00(180,278.5)

207.00(169.75,250.25)

0.092

Cystatin C(mg/L)

0.83(0.78,0.89)

0.87(0.80,1.12)

1.20(1.01,1.43)*#

< 0.001

NT-proBNP(pg/mL)

100.00(100,100)

100.00(100,218.25)

3453.00(676.50,8293.75)*#

< 0.001

FGF2(pg/mL)

78.90(60.80,87.20)

65.30(28.85,78.95)

125.60(88.95,183.4) *#

< 0.001

K⁺(mmol/L)

4.02(3.83,4.12)

3.79(3.64,3.90)

3.81(3.45,4.04)

0.039

Na⁺ (mmol/L)

139.70(139.2140.60)

140.20(138.77,141.45)

140.30(138.1142.2)

0.734

Cl⁻(mmol/L)

103.40(102.00,104.45)

104.05(101.57,105.02)

103.20(100.4106.1)

0.719

Ca²⁺ (mmol/L)

2.41 ± 0.08

2.35 ± 0.10

2.27 ± 0.12*#

< 0.001

P⁻(mmol/L)

1.18 ± 0.14

1.12 ± 0.19

1.12 ± 0.20

0.768

Creatinine (μmol/L)

80.70(68.45,92.25)

81.05(70.75,94.77)

100.00(88.5116.4)*#

< 0.001

BUN(mmol/L)

5.56(4.68,6.10)

5.00(3.98,5.82)

6.46(4.96,7.90)*#

< 0.001

TC(mmol/L)

5.30(4.49,5.89)

5.28(4.03,5.97)

4.31(3.34,5.29)*#

0.001

TG(mmol/L)

0.98(0.78,1.31)

1.35(0.82,2.27)

1.04(0.80,1.64)

0.042

HDL-C(μmol/L)

1.44(1.15,1.78)

1.09(0.95,1.37)

1.03(0.88,1.34)*

< 0.001

LDL-C(μmol/L)

3.42 ± 0.77

3.39 ± 0.96

2.90 ± 1.03*#

0.012

hs-CRP(mg/L)

1.19(0.47,2.55)

2.02(0.62,6.08)

4.30(1.44,21.3)*#

0.006

Fg(g/L)

4.06(3.68,4.43)

3.98(3.71,4.24)

4.07(3.57,4.46)

0.980

Myocardial hypertrophy,n(%)

0(0.00)

1(3.20)

23(29.10)*#

< 0.001

EF

0.014

  > 45%

6(100.00)

31(100.00)

64(80.00)#

  < 45%

0(0.00)

0(0.00)

16(20.00)#

< 0.001

0.002

< 0.001

< 0.001

0.793

0.683

< 0.001

0.366

0.32

0.001

0.557

ACEI/ARB,n(%)

0(0.00)

22(64.71)

60(75.00)*

< 0.001

β-blockers,n(%)

0(0.00)

7(20.59)

46(57.50)*#

< 0.001

Diuretics,n(%)

0(0.00)

6(17.65)

52(65.00)*#

< 0.001

Statin,n(%)

0(0.00)

20(58.82)

60(75.00)*

< 0.001

Etiology

 Ischemic etiology, n(%)

–

–

44(55.00)

 Non-ischemic etiology,n(%)

–

–

36(45.00)