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Table 1 General data and univariate analysis of patients with CHF

From: Prevalence and modifiable risk factors of cognitive frailty in patients with chronic heart failure in China: a cross-sectional study

Variable

Number

Non-CF

(n, %)

R-CF

(n, %)

PR-CF

(n, %)

X2/H

p-Values

Sex

      

Male

165(60.9)

90(65.7)

33(58.9)

42(54.3)

3.043*

0.218

Female

106(39.1)

47(34.3)

23(41.1)

36(45.7)

Age group

      

18–59

64(23.6)

53(38.7)

6(10.7)

5(6.4)

59.733**

< 0.001

60–69

68(25.1)

36(26.3)

18(32.1)

14(17.9)

70–79

100(36.9)

45(32.8)

27(48.2)

28(35.9)

≥ 80

39(14.4)

3(2.2)

5(8.9)

31(39.7)

Caregiver

      

Spouse

125(46.1)

73(53.3)

30(53.6)

22(28.2)

7.572**

0.023

Children

103(38.0)

39(28.5)

19(33.9)

45(57.7)

Parent

21(7.7)

12(8.8)

3(5.4)

6(7.7)

Relative

7(2.6)

3(2.2)

1(1.8)

3(3.8)

Others

15(5.5)

10(7.3)

3(5.4)

2(2.6)

Education level

      

Illiteracy

22(8.1)

9(6.6)

2(3.6)

11(14.1)

7.379**

0.025

Primary

60(22.1)

24(17.5)

14(25.0)

22(28.2)

Middle

157(57.9)

83(60.6)

38(67.9)

36(46.2)

College

32(11.8)

21(15.3)

2(3.6)

9(11.5)

Graduate

1(0.4)

1(0.7)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

Marital status

      

Unmarried

7(2.6)

6(4.4)

0(0.0)

1(1.3)

7.649**

0.022

Married

239(88.2)

121(88.3)

54(96.4)

64(82.1)

Divorced

2(0.7)

2(1.5)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

Widowed

23(8.5)

8(5.8)

2(3.6)

13(16.7)

Combined with hypertension

      

Yes

136(50.2)

59(43.1)

29(51.8)

48(61.5)

6.857*

0.032

No

135(49.8)

78(56.9)

27(48.2)

30(38.5)

Combined with diabetes

      

Yes

71(26.2)

31(22.6)

17(69.6)

23(29.5)

1.841*

0.398

No

200(73.8)

106(77.4)

39(30.4)

55(70.5)

Combined with Coronary Heart Disease

      

Yes

94(34.7)

43(31.4)

20(35.7)

31(39.7)

1.565*

0.457

No

177(65.3)

94(68.6)

36(64.3)

47(60.3)

Combined with cerebral disease

      

Yes

51(18.8)

20(14.6)

7(12.5)

24(30.8)

10.352*

0.006

No

220(81.2)

117(85.4)

49(87.5)

54(69.2)

Course of CHF

      

≤ 1year

145(53.5)

84(61.3)

24(42.9)

37(474.)

9.050**

0.011

1.1-5 year

64(23.6)

31(22.6)

11(19.6)

22(28.2)

5.1–10 year

43(15.9)

14(10.2)

15(26.8)

14(17.9)

10.1–15 year

17(6.3)

6(4.4)

6(10.7)

5(6.4)

>15year

2(0.7)

2(1.5)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

Newly diagnosed CHF

      

Yes

146(53.9)

84(61.3)

23(41.1)

39(50.0)

7.216*

0.027

No

125(46.1)

53(38.7)

33(58.9)

39(50.0)

NT-proBNP

      

0-125

20(7.4)

10(7.5)

5(8.9)

5(6.2)

0.305*

0.859

>125

251(92.6)

124(92.5)

51(91.1)

76(93.8)

LVEF

      

HFrEF

90(33.2)

56(40.9)

15(26.8)

19(24.4)

10.987**

0.004

HFmrEF

68(25.1)

36(26.3)

16(28.6)

16(20.5)

HFpEF

113(41.7)

45(32.8)

25(44.6)

43(55.1)

Blood type

      

A

78(28.8)

34(24.8)

23(41.4)

21(26.9)

7.962**

0.019

B

81(29.9)

39(28.5)

17(30.4)

25(32.1)

AB

50(18.5)

28(20.4)

10(17.9)

12(15.4)

O

62(22.9)

36(26.3)

6(10.7)

20(25.6)

NYHA functional classification

      

I

6(2.2)

4(2.9)

2(3.6)

0(0.0)

9.620**

0.008

II

150(55.4)

79(57.7)

35(62.5)

36(46.2)

III

94(34.7)

47(34.3)

17(30.4)

30(38.5)

IV

21(7.7)

7(5.1)

2(3.6)

12(15.4)

Barthel self-care ability

      

No

21(7.7)

17(12.4)

3(5.4)

1(1.3)

23.710**

< 0.001

Low level

72(26.6)

44(32.1)

16(28.6)

12(15.4)

Medium level

134(49.4)

60(43.8)

32(57.1)

42(53.8)

High level

44(16.2)

16(11.7)

5(8.9)

23(29.5)

BMI

      

< 18.5 kg/m2

9(3.3)

2(1.5)

2(3.6)

5(6.4)

6.110**

0.047

18.5–23.9 kg/m2

153(56.5)

66(48.2)

34(60.7)

53(67.9)

≥ 24 kg/m2

109(40.2)

69(50.4)

20(35.7)

20(25.6)

Smoking

      

Yes

32(11.8)

19(13.9)

7(12.5)

6(7.7)

5.112**

0.078

No

181(66.8)

84(61.3)

37(66.1)

60(76.9)

Quit

58(21.4)

34(24.8)

12(21.4)

12(15.4)

Drinking alcohol

      

Yes

18(6.6)

12(8.8)

4(7.1)

2(2.6)

1.697**

0.428

No

220(81.2)

107(78.1)

46(82.1)

67(85.9)

Quit

33(12.2)

18(13.1)

6(10.7)

9(11.5)

Malnutrition risk

      

No

153(56.6)

89(65.0)

34(60.7)

30(38.5)

14.721*

0.001

Yes

118(43.5)

48(35.0)

22(39.3)

48(61.5)

Depression

      

No

87(32.1)

63(46.0)

12(21.4)

12(15.4)

27.675**

< 0.001

Low level

176(64.9)

73(53.3)

42(75.0)

61(78.2)

Medium level

8(3.0)

1(0.7)

2(3.6)

5(6.4)

Anxiety

      

No

202(74.5)

114(83.2)

41(73.2)

47(60.3)

14.893**

0.001

Low level

65(24.0)

23(16.8)

15(26.8)

27(34.6)

Medium level

4(1.5)

0(0.0)

0(0.0)

4(5.1)

  1. Note: *presents chi-square test; ** presents Kruskal-Wallis Test
  2. Abbreviations: Non-CF = none cognitive frailty; R-CF = reversible cognitive frailty; PR-CF = potentially reversible cognitive frailty; CHF = chronic heart failure; LVEF = left ventricular ejection fraction; HFrEF = heart failure with reduced ejection fraction; HFmrEF = heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction; HFpEF = heart failure with preserved ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association; BMI = body mass index
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