Table 1 The limitations of the common biomarkers in the HF

Pro-BNP

Renal function; sex; age; BMI

BNP

Recombinant human BNP; enkephalinase inhibitors

Pro-ANP

Renal function; sex; age; BMI

cTnI/TnT

Cardiogenic factors (coronary heart disease, myocarditis, aortic dissection, pulmonary heart disease, stress cardiomyopathy, cardiac amyloidosis, rapid ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac surgery, defibrillation, and heart trauma); Non cardiac factors include pulmonary embolism, renal insufficiency, stroke, infectious diseases (such as novel coronavirus pneumonia and sepsis), cardiac toxic injury of drugs, rhabdomyolysis, high-intensity exercise and burns

ST2

Pulmonary diseases (such as pneumonia, asthma, acute respiratory distress syndrome), liver diseases (such as liver cirrhosis, liver cancer), acute coronary syndrome, sepsis, trauma, stroke, tumors, autoimmune diseases

Pro-ADM

Vascular endothelial cell function; only predict short term prognosis of patients with heart failure

GDF-15

Inflammatory disease; diabetes; atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

Gal3

Not suitable for acute heart failure

H-FABP

Only suitable for acute heart failure

Cys C

Inflammatory response; oxidative stress; renal function