- Research article
- Open access
- Published:
Improvement of long-term clinical outcomes by successful PCI in the very elderly women with ACS
BMC Cardiovascular Disorders volume 21, Article number: 122 (2021)
Abstract
Background
Whether very elderly women with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) should receive aggressive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is still controversial. We assessed the effectiveness and long-term clinical outcomes of successful PCI in this population and identified prognostic factors which might contribute to the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) in the very elderly female PCI cohort.
Methods
Female ACS patients aged ≥ 80 years were consecutively enrolled (n = 729) into the study. All the patients were divided into female PCI group (n = 232) and medical group (n = 497). MACCE was followed up, including non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, heart failure requiring hospitalization (HFRH), cardiovascular (CV) death, and the composite of them. After propensity score matching (1:1), the incidences of MACCE were compared between the two groups. Clinical and coronary artery lesion characteristics were compared between the female PCI patients with (n = 56) and without MACCE (n = 176). Multivariate Cox regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors which independently associated with MACCE in the female PCI patients. MACCE of male PCI patients, who aged ≥ 80 years and hospitalized in the same period (n = 264), was also compared with that of the female PCI patients.
Results
A total of 32% very elderly female ACS patients received PCI in the present study. (1) Compared to female medical group, PCI procedure significantly alleviated the risks of MACCE: non-fatal MI (6.2% vs. 20.2%, P < 0.001), HFRH (10.9% vs. 22.5%, P = 0.012), CV death (12.4% vs. 28.7%, P < 0.001) and the composite MACCE (24.0% vs. 44.2%, P < 0.001) during the median follow-up period of 36 months. (2) Between very elderly female and male PCI patients, there were no significant differences in occurrence of MACCE (P = 0.232) and CV death (P = 0.951). (3) Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) (HR 1.944, 95% CI 1.11–3.403, P = 0.02) and elevated log- N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (HR 1.689, 95% CI 1.029–2.773, P = 0.038) were independently associated with the incidence of MACCE in the female PCI patients.
Conclusions
PCI procedure significantly attenuated the risk of MACCE and improved the long-term clinical outcomes in very elderly female ACS patients. Aggressive PCI strategy may be reasonable in this population.
Background
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) has been the leading cause of death worldwide [1, 2]. The extensive application of percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has significantly improved the clinical outcomes of ACS patients [3, 4]. However, there are still controversies and concerns about PCI treatment in very elderly female patients with ACS [5, 6]. Very elderly women are a special cohort with their own clinical characteristics, which may affect the clinical outcomes of PCI in this population. For example, very elderly women with ACS were detected to have more risk factors or comorbidities, such as hypertension, diabetes and cerebrovascular disease [7], higher bleeding complications when treated with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) [8, 9], and more severe coronary artery lesions [10, 11].
In clinical practice, cardiologists are more likely to avoid PCI procedure for very elderly women because of the potential higher risk of complications. Limited studies had also revealed that very elderly female ACS patients had received significantly less invasive angiography and timely revascularization [12, 13] for higher mortality rates [12, 14]. Furthermore, very elderly women treated with PCI for ACS were often excluded from large international clinical trials [15, 16]. As a result, there are less clinical studies and clinical experiences of PCI procedure in this population. The aims of the present study were to investigate the effectiveness and clinical outcomes of PCI procedure in the very elderly female ACS patients in the era of drug-eluting stents, and to identify the possible risk factors which contributed to the incidence of MACCE in the very elderly female PCI cohort.
Methods
Study population and protocol
A total of 1449 ACS patients aged 80 years or older, who were admitted to Cardiovascular center, Beijing Friendship Hospital between January 2013, and December 2018, were enrolled into the study. The medical retrospective data were recruited and recorded in CBD-BANK (Cardiovascular Center Beijing Friendship Hospital Database Bank) supported by DHC SOFTWARE system (DongHua company SOFTWARE CO., LTD). ACS, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation MI (NSTEMI), and unstable angina pectoris (UAP), were diagnosed, and confirmed based on symptoms, electrocardiogram (ECG) changes, cardiac biomarkers. The treatment options of PCI or medication only depended on the patients’ clinical situation, and decisions were made by two cardiologists simultaneously according to the international standards and guideline [17].
Study protocol was described as follow (Fig. 1): (1) Consecutive ACS patients aged ≥ 80 years old (n = 1449) were enrolled. (2) All the patients were classified by gender: female group (n = 729), and male group (n = 720). (3) Within the female group, patients were categorized into the PCI group (n = 232) and the medical group (n = 497). (4) Between the female PCI group and medical group, clinical characteristics, and follow-up MACCE were recorded and compared before and after Propensity score (PS) matching (1:1). (5) Within female PCI group, clinical and coronary artery characteristics were analyzed and compared in female PCI patients with (n = 56) and without MACCE (n = 176). Independent prognostic factors for the incidence of MACCE were detected in the female PCI patients. (6) MACCE of male PCI patients, aged ≥ 80 years old and hospitalized in the same period (n = 264), was also compared with the female PCI patients. The study protocol was approved by Institutional Ethics Committee of Beijing Friendship Hospital, and the study was also in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Data collection
Baseline data were collected and analyzed, including demographic information, initial clinical presentation (heart rate, systolic/diastolic blood pressure at admission), and past medical history (hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, prior MI/stroke and smoking). Laboratory examination results involved hemoglobin A1c, lipid spectrum, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB), measured during hospitalization. M-mode and two-dimensional echocardiography (ECHO) were performed (Philips IE33) for routine parameters, such as left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Characteristics of coronary artery lesion and stent implantation information were evaluated by angiographic and PCI procedure, presenting in the medical documents. Severe coronary artery stenosis was defined as epicardial main coronary artery stenosis ≥ 75% [18]. Chronic total occlusion (CTO) referred to 100% coronary artery occlusion with TIMI grade 0 flow and more than three months [19]. Successful PCI was identified as the attainment of a residual vessel diameter stenosis ≤ 20% and normal epicardial coronary flow (TIMI-3 flow) [20]. Hemorrhage was confirmed as “major” if there was a reduction of hemoglobin ≥ 5 g/dL or any intracranial bleeding [21]. Medication after discharge was determined from the medical records or regular telephone follow-up.
Primary and secondary endpoints and follow-up
Composite MACCE was defined as the primary endpoint, which was the combination of cardiovascular (CV) death, non-fatal MI, stroke, and heart failure requiring hospitalization (HFRH). The secondary endpoints included all-cause death and each of the adverse events mentioned above. CV death was referred to death from MI, HF, or documented cardiac sudden death. Stroke was new ischemic stroke that occurred during follow-up, confirmed by symptoms, results of computed tomography scan. Non-fatal MI and HFRH were determined by the information from medical records, including symptom, physical sign, results of ECG and ECHO, and the value of biomarkers. All MACCE were confirmed by two separate cardiologists simultaneously. Regular follow-up was conducted by clinic visits or phone interviews every 1–3 months until Dec 2019.
Statistical analysis
Continuous variables were expressed as median with interquartile range and were compared by Mann–Whitney U test. Categorical data were expressed as frequencies or percentages and were compared by Chi-square or Fisher’s exact statistics. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed between female PCI group and medical group to reduce the effect of treatment-selection bias and potential confounding factors in the present study.
The primary and secondary endpoints were compared between female PCI and medical groups, as well as female PCI group and male PCI group (≥ 80 years) hospitalized at the same period by Chi-square test. Survival curves were conducted by Kaplan–Meier method and compared with the log-rank test. Univariable and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for composite MACCE in the very elderly female PCI cohort. Based on possible confounding variables identified from the univariate analysis, multivariable Cox regression models in an all-enter way were constructed to determine the independent predictors for the incidence of composite MACCE in the female PCI group.
A two-sided P value < 0.05 was statistically significant. All the statistical analysis was conducted by the SPSS software version 23.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA).
Results
Clinical characteristics at baseline
Of 729 very elderly female ACS patients enrolled, the mean age was 82 (IQR 81, 84) years, 32% (n = 232) received PCI treatment, and 68% (n = 497) received medical treatment only. Among them, 22% received primary PCI (n = 52) and 78% was selective PCI (n = 180). Clinical characteristics of the study cohort were described in Table 1. 62% (n = 454) cases had UAP, 22% (n = 159) had NSTEMI and 16% (n = 116) had STEMI.
Between the very elderly female PCI and medical groups, there were no significant differences in age, BMI, heart rate, systolic/diastolic blood pressure at admission, and also in the medical history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, prior MI and stroke. When compared to medical group, the proportions of STEMI (28.4% vs. 10.1%, P < 0.001) and smoking (9.9% vs. 5.8%, P = 0.046) were much higher in female PCI group, and the rate of UAP was much lower (47.8% vs. 69%, P < 0.001). In laboratory findings, higher levels of LDL-C (P = 0.012), ALT (P = 0.024) and CK-MB (P = 0.002) and lower level of creatinine (P = 0.016) were detected in female PCI group. Notably, there were no significant differences in length of stay and log [NT-proBNP] between the two groups. After PS matching, the differences in baseline data were disappeared, except for log [NT-proBNP] (P < 0.001), which was significantly increased in the medical group.
Primary and secondary endpoints in female PCI and medical groups
Before PS matching, the risks of CV death (10.8% vs. 18.1%, P = 0.011), all-cause death (16.4% vs. 24.3%, P = 0.015) and HFRH (9.1% vs. 17.5%, P = 0.003) were much lower in female PCI group than that in medical group. But there were no significant differences in primary endpoint (composite MACCE, 24.1% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.127) and non-fatal MI (8.2% vs. 10.9%, P = 0.262) during the follow-up period of 36 (IQR 23, 48) months. After PS matching, significant differences in primary and most of secondary endpoints were detected between female PCI group (n = 129) and medical group (n = 129). Besides the differences in CV death (12.4% vs. 28.7%, P < 0.001), all-cause death (16.3% vs. 37.2%, P < 0.001) and HFRH (10.9% vs. 22.5%, P = 0.012), the incidences of composite MACCE (24.0% vs. 44.2%, P < 0.001), non-fatal MI (6.2% vs. 20.2%, P < 0.001) were significantly declined in the female PCI group (Table 2), compared to the female medical group. Kaplan–Meier curves illustrated the incidences of primary and secondary endpoints of the two groups in details (Fig. 2a–f).
As shown in Fig. 3a, b, the incidences of MACCE were also compared between very elderly female and male PCI group (ACS, ≥ 80 years, n = 264) hospitalized at the same period. The occurrences of composite MACCE (24.1% vs. 19.7%, P = 0.232), non-fatal MI (8.2% vs. 4.5%, P = 0.094) and HFRH (9.1% vs. 5.7%, P = 0.149) tended to be higher in female PCI group, but there were no significant differences between the two groups. Also, there were no remarkable differences in CV death (10.8% vs. 10.6%, P = 0.951) and all-cause death (17.7% vs. 18.9%, P = 0.456) between the very elderly female and male PCI cohorts.
Characteristics of the very elderly female PCI patients
Among the very elderly female PCI patients, 24% (n = 56) had MACCE during the follow-up period. In the female PCI patients with MACCE, the proportions of STEMI (44.6% vs. 23.3%, P = 0.002) and primary PCI (41.1% vs. 16.5%, P < 0.001) were much higher than that in PCI patients without MACCE. The median time of door-to-balloon (D-to-B) was 111 min (72.25, 147.5 min), and there was no significant difference in this time between the female PCI patients with and without MACCE. In addition, compared to female PCI patients without MACCE, the levels of creatinine (81.3 vs. 74.2 umol/L, P = 0.029) and log NT-proBNP (3.23 vs. 2.83, P < 0.001) were higher and the rate of LVEF ≥ 50% (72.2% vs. 91.9%, P < 0.001) was lower in female PCI patients with MACCE. Also, the risk of TIMI major bleeding was much higher in female PCI patients with MACCE (12.5% vs. 4.5%, P = 0.035). As for medication during follow-up, female PCI patients with MACCE had much lower proportion of uses in Aspirin (71.4% vs. 84.7%, P = 0.026), P2Y12 receptor antagonist (80.4% vs. 96.6%, P < 0.001) and β-blocker (42.9% vs. 65.9%, P = 0.002) than that in PCI patients without MACCE (Table 3).
In this female PCI cohort, severe coronary stenosis was found in 99.1% (n = 230) of patients, and three-vessel lesion and CTO were detected in 87.1% (n = 202) and 10.8% (n = 25) of patients, respectively (Table 4). There were no significant differences in the proportions of severe coronary stenosis (99.1% vs. 98.2%, P = 0.425), three-vessel lesion (87.5% vs. 86.9%, P = 0.991) and CTO (10.7% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.986) between female PCI patients with and without MACCE. But pre-procedural TIMI 3 flow was less found in female PCI patients with MACCE (55.4% vs. 78.8%, P < 0.001), when compared with PCI patients without MACCE.
All female PCI patients (100%, n = 232) received drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation, and the procedural success rate of PCI was 97% in the very elderly female cohort, as well as 98% in the very elderly male ACS patients in the present study (P = 0.605). There were no significant differences in stent number > 2 (32.1% vs. 36.4%, P = 0.565) and post-PCI TIMI 3 flow (94.6% vs. 98.3%, P = 0.134) between female PCI patients with and without MACCE. Also, there were no significant differences in D-to-B time of primary PCI [112 (78.5, 124 min) vs. 100 (70, 118 min), P = 0.985] between the female PCI cohorts with and without MACCE.
Results of Cox proportional hazards model analyses in female PCI cohort
All the baseline variables (except for variables with statistical collinearity) were included in univariate Cox proportional hazards model to identify the possible predictors for occurrence of MACCE in the female PCI cohort. As detailed in Table 5, ten factors were detected by univariate regression (P < 0.05), including age, STEMI, log NT-proBNP, ALT, creatinine, LVEF ≥ 50%, primary PCI, Aspirin, P2Y12 receptor antagonist, β-blocker. Further multivariate Cox regression suggested STEMI (HR 1.944, 95% CI 1.11–3.403, P = 0.02) and elevated log NT-proBNP value (HR 1.689, 95% CI 1.029–2.773, P = 0.038) were independently associated with the risk of composite MACCE, as well as adherence to P2Y12 receptor antagonist (HR 0.119, 95% CI 0.051–0.278, P < 0.001) and β-blocker (HR 0.452, 95% CI 0.254–0.805, P = 0.007) medications might help to decrease composite MACCE in the very elderly female PCI patients (Table 5, Fig. 4).
Discussion
We investigated the efficacy and safety of PCI treatment in the very elderly women with ACS in the present study. Our study demonstrated that PCI procedure significantly attenuated the risk of MACCE (24.0% vs. 44.2%, P < 0.001), and improved the long-term clinical outcomes in the very elderly female ACS population. In addition, STEMI (HR 1.944, 95% CI 1.11–3.403, P = 0.02) and elevated Log- NT-proBNP value (HR 1.689, 95% CI 1.029–2.773, P = 0.038) were independently associated with the incidence of MACCE after PCI in this cohort.
Very elderly ACS patients had been historically underrepresented in clinical trials [16, 22]. Limited studies had revealed a larger early hazard and less long-term benefit in the elderly female PCI population, including higher rates of MACCE, mortality and bleeding complication [23, 24]. However, other study determined that coronary revascularization in elderly female ACS patients was associated with lower in-hospital MACCE and 1-year mortality, compared to no revascularized strategy [13]. We found that long-term clinical outcomes in the very elderly female PCI patients were distinctly superior to that in the patients with medical-only treatment during the median follow-up period of 36-month in the study. Compared to medical therapy alone, PCI procedure significantly alleviated the risks of MACCE in the very elderly female ACS cohort (P < 0.001), involving composite MACCE, non-fatal MI, HFRH (P = 0.012), CV death and all-cause death. Notably, PCI treatment did not extend the length of hospitalization. In earlier studies [15, 25], there was always a lower DES use in elderly female ACS patients compared to the male patients, which might partly contribute to the poor clinical outcomes in this population. All the very elderly female patients received DES implantation in our study, and it was demonstrated that the use of DES in female ACS patients was more effective and safer than bare-metal stent (BMS) during long-term follow-up [26].
On the other hand, the effectiveness and benefits of PCI procedure were comparable between the very elderly female and male ACS patients (≥ 80 years), hospitalized in the same period in our study. Although the incidences of MACCE tended to be higher in female PCI group, there were no significant differences in primary and secondary endpoints between the very elderly female and male ACS patients, such as composite MACCE (P = 0.232), non-fatal MI (P = 0.094), HFRH (P = 0.149), CV death (P = 0.951) and all-cause death (P = 0.456). Based on the above results, we would like to suggest that very elderly female patients with ACS should be considered for more aggressive PCI strategy in the era of drug-eluting stents.
Very elderly patients always had more complex coronary artery lesions [27], including higher prevalence of multi-vessel disease, calcified lesions, tortuous lesions, and ostial lesions. We found that the coronary artery lesions were generally severe in this very elderly female cohort, but procedural success rate of PCI was relatively satisfactory, which was similar to previous studies of elderly patients (96–98%) [27, 28]. Furthermore, the extent of coronary lesion in female PCI patients with MACCE was similar to that in female PCI patients without MACCE, and there were no significant differences in procedural success rate and number of stents implantation. But the study revealed that female PCI patients with MACCE had significantly lower proportion of pre-procedural TIMI 3 flow (P < 0.001), which meant the occurrence of AMI. In female patients with primary PCI, there was no significant difference in median time of door-to-balloon between patients with and without MACCE, which may be attributed to the fact that D-to-B time was relatively shorter in both groups, less than 3 h. Further investigations displayed that STEMI (P = 0.002) and primary PCI (P < 0.001), worse cardiac (log NT-proBNP, P < 0.001; LVEF, P < 0.001) and renal function (creatinine level, P = 0.029) were associated with the risk of MACCE in female PCI patients. In addition, female PCI patients with MACCE had a higher prevalence of TIMI major bleeding (P = 0.035), which might contribute to the occurrence of MACCE in the female PCI cohort. Multivariate Cox regression analysis suggested STEMI (HR 1.944, 95% CI 1.11–3.403, P = 0.02) and elevated log- NT-proBNP value (HR 1.689, 95% CI 1.029–2.773, P = 0.038) predicted the risk of MACCE in female PCI patients, as well as adherence to P2Y12 receptor antagonist (HR 0.119, 95% CI 0.051–0.278, P < 0.001) and β-blocker (HR 0.452, 95% CI 0.254–0.805, P = 0.007) medications might help to decrease the risk of MACCE in the very elderly female PCI patients. It highlighted the importance of medication of secondary prevention, which played a key role in the MACCE-free survival during follow-up period.
In clinical practice, there may be some factors that influence cardiologist's decision of PCI strategy. In the present study, more STEMI patients received PCI procedure, and patients with lower creatinine levels were more likely to experience PCI treatment. In addition, NT-proBNP was another important factor considered in PCI decision.
Limitations
The main limitation of the study is the retrospective design, single-centre data and experience. So, decision of therapy strategy reflected the convention and tendency of our single center, which may affect the objectivity of the conclusion. Furthermore, the sample size was relatively small after propensity matching (n = 129), especially the cases of female PCI patients with MACCE (n = 56), which may have some effect on the final clinical outcome analysis. We look forward to further studies with larger sample size, or a multicenter, prospective design to provide more information and understanding in this field.
Conclusion
In summary, PCI procedure attenuated the risks of MACCE and improved the long-term clinical outcomes in the very elderly female ACS patients in the era of drug-eluting stents. Aggressive PCI strategy should be considered as a treatment option in this population, and attentions should be paid to some factors that might have impacts on the clinical prognosis after PCI.
Availability of data and materials
The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Abbreviations
- MACCE:
-
Major adverse cardiovascular and cerebral event
- PCI:
-
Percutaneous coronary intervention
- PPCI:
-
Primary percutaneous coronary intervention
- ACS:
-
Acute coronary syndrome
- MI:
-
Myocardial infarction
- HFRH:
-
Heart failure requiring hospitalization
- CV:
-
Cardiovascular
- STEMI:
-
ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- NT-proBNP:
-
N-Terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide
- NSTEMI:
-
Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
- UAP:
-
Unstable angina pectoris
- ECG:
-
Electrocardiogram
- ALT:
-
Alanine aminotransferase
- CK-MB:
-
Creatine kinase-MB
- ECHO:
-
Echocardiography
- LVEF:
-
Left ventricular ejection fraction
- HbA1c:
-
Hemoglobin A1c
- TC:
-
Total cholesterol
- LDL-C:
-
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol
- TG:
-
Triglyceride
- TIMI:
-
Thrombolysis in myocardial infarction
- LAD:
-
Left atrium diameter
- HR:
-
Hazard ratios
- CI:
-
Confidence intervals
- BMI:
-
Body mass index
- BP:
-
Blood pressures
- IABP:
-
Intra-aortic balloon pump
- ACEI:
-
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors
- ARB:
-
Angiotensin receptor blockers
- DES:
-
Drug-eluting stent
- D-to-B:
-
Door-to-balloon
References
Roth GA, Forouzanfar MH, Moran AE, et al. Demographic and epidemiologic drivers of global cardiovascular mortality. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1333–41.
Collaborators GBDCoD. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet. 2017;390:1151–210.
Ibanez B, James S, Agewall S, et al. 2017 ESC Guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation: The Task Force for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J. 2018;39:119–77.
Townsend N, Wilson L, Bhatnagar P, Wickramasinghe K, Rayner M, Nichols M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:3232–45.
Group EUCCS, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Oertelt-Prigione S, et al. Gender in cardiovascular diseases: impact on clinical manifestations, management, and outcomes. Eur Heart J. 2016;37:24–34.
Pancholy SB, Shantha GP, Patel T, Cheskin LJ. Sex differences in short-term and long-term all-cause mortality among patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous intervention: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:1822–30.
Hao Y, Liu J, Liu J, et al. Sex differences in in-hospital management and outcomes of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Circulation. 2019;139:1776–85.
Liakos M, Parikh PB. Gender disparities in presentation, management, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2018;20:64.
Nanna MG, Hajduk AM, Krumholz HM, et al. Sex-based differences in presentation, treatment, and complications among older adults hospitalized for acute myocardial infarction: the SILVER-AMI study. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2019;12:e005691.
Yin Z, Zeng C, Zhang X, et al. The characteristics of coronary stenosis in 11,267 patients from Southwest China: a retrospective study. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2018;45:142–50.
Madhavan MV, Gersh BJ, Alexander KP, Granger CB, Stone GW. Coronary artery disease in patients >/=80 years of age. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2015–40.
Khan E, Brieger D, Amerena J, et al. Differences in management and outcomes for men and women with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Med J Aust. 2018;209:118–23.
De Carlo M, Morici N, Savonitto S, et al. Sex-related outcomes in elderly patients presenting with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: insights from the Italian elderly ACS study. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8:791–6.
Izadnegahdar M, Norris C, Kaul P, Pilote L, Humphries KH. Basis for sex-dependent outcomes in acute coronary syndrome. Can J Cardiol. 2014;30:713–20.
Russ MA, Wackerl C, Zeymer U, et al. Gender based differences in drug eluting stent implantation—data from the German ALKK registry suggest underuse of DES in elderly women. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2017;17:68.
Dodd KS, Saczynski JS, Zhao Y, Goldberg RJ, Gurwitz JH. Exclusion of older adults and women from recent trials of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:506–11.
Neumann FJ, Sousa-Uva M, Ahlsson A, et al. 2018 ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2019;40:87–165.
Kimura K, Takenaka K, Pan X, et al. Prediction of coronary artery stenosis using strain imaging diastolic index at rest in patients with preserved ejection fraction. J Cardiol. 2011;57:311–5.
Sianos G, Werner GS, Galassi AR, et al. Recanalisation of chronic total coronary occlusions: 2012 consensus document from the EuroCTO club. EuroIntervention. 2012;8:139–45.
Smith SC Jr, Feldman TE, Hirshfeld JW Jr, et al. ACC/AHA/SCAI 2005 guideline update for percutaneous coronary intervention: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (ACC/AHA/SCAI Writing Committee to Update the 2001 Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:e1-121.
Chesebro JH, Knatterud G, Roberts R, et al. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) Trial, Phase I: a comparison between intravenous tissue plasminogen activator and intravenous streptokinase. Clinical findings through hospital discharge. Circulation. 1987;76:142–54.
Bucholz EM, Butala NM, Rathore SS, Dreyer RP, Lansky AJ, Krumholz HM. Sex differences in long-term mortality after myocardial infarction: a systematic review. Circulation. 2014;130:757–67.
Damman P, Clayton T, Wallentin L, et al. Effects of age on long-term outcomes after a routine invasive or selective invasive strategy in patients presenting with non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a collaborative analysis of individual data from the FRISC II-ICTUS-RITA-3 (FIR) trials. Heart. 2012;98:207–13.
Numasawa Y, Inohara T, Ishii H, et al. Comparison of outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention in elderly patients, including 10 628 nonagenarians: insights from a Japanese Nationwide Registry (J-PCI Registry). J Am Heart Assoc. 2019;8:e011183.
Kataoka Y, Yasuda S, Morii I, Kawamura A, Miyazaki S. Improved long-term prognosis of elderly women in the era of sirolimus-eluting stents. Circ J. 2009;73:1219–27.
Stefanini GG, Baber U, Windecker S, et al. Safety and efficacy of drug-eluting stents in women: a patient-level pooled analysis of randomised trials. Lancet. 2013;382:1879–88.
Vlaar PJ, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS, et al. Drug-eluting stents in octogenarians: early and intermediate outcome. Am Heart J. 2008;155:680–6.
Gerber RT, Arri SS, Mohamed MO, et al. Age is not a bar to PCI: Insights from the long-term outcomes from off-site PCI in a real-world setting. J Interv Cardiol. 2017;30:347–55.
Acknowledgements
We gratefully acknowledge the contributions of all staffs who work on the CBD-Bank.
Funding
This study was supported by Beijing Key Clinical Specialty Program.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
JLW performed study, statistical analysis and wrote manuscript. HWL and HC provided support, designed study, and reviewed manuscript. CYG participated in study data collection. XQZ designed study and revised manuscript. SMZ contributed to the conception, design, and writing-reviewing and editing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study data collections were approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee of Beijing Friendship Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. The study was also in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, Jl., Guo, Cy., Chen, H. et al. Improvement of long-term clinical outcomes by successful PCI in the very elderly women with ACS. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 21, 122 (2021). https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12872-021-01933-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.1186/s12872-021-01933-7